The cultural conservation of artifacts and monuments

By Adesiyan Dele

Conservation is a core museum function focused on repairing and preserving objects of historical and archaeological value to retain their original quality. It requires museum workers to have sound knowledge of techniques and methods.

The preservation of Nigeria’s cultural heritage is a vital responsibility, and conservation plays a key role in this effort. According to Usman P.M. in Groundwork of Nigerian Arts, conservation is referred to as a primary function of museums, aiming to protect and preserve objects of historical and archaeological value.

Conservation encompasses the care and protection of collections from environmental pollution, internal deterioration, and human activities. This involves prevention, safeguarding collections from harm, and restoration, repairing damaged objects using chemical or mechanical means.

The goal of conservation is to maintain the integrity of artifacts, ensuring they remain valuable resources for future generations. This requires a deep understanding of the materials, techniques, and cultural context of the objects.

For specific materials, wooden objects require special attention. Determining the extent of damage and type of fungi or insects is crucial in developing an effective conservation plan.

Using chemicals or natural preservatives can help combat pests and decay. Cleaning and fumigating with insecticides are also essential steps in preserving wooden artifacts.

Ceramics and pottery require gentle handling and cleaning. Classifying them into unfired clay, terracotta, stoneware, and porcelain helps determine the best conservation approach.

Unfired clay, for instance, is water-soluble and requires special environmental control. Stoneware and porcelain, on the other hand, can withstand more robust cleaning methods.

Best practices in conservation include documenting all treatments, avoiding falsification or additions, and using reversible methods. This ensures the artifact’s authenticity and integrity are maintained.

Proper storage and handling are also critical. Objects should be handled with care, wearing gloves to prevent oils from skin contact.

Quarantining new acquisitions helps prevent the spread of pests or diseases to other artifacts. This is a crucial step in maintaining the overall health of the collection.

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Protecting artifacts from weather elements like sunlight, rain, and dust is essential. Maintaining storage ventilation and controlling temperature and humidity levels also contribute to a stable environment.

Conservation is an ongoing process. Regular inspections and monitoring help identify potential issues before they become major problems.

Training and education are vital components of effective conservation. Museum staff and conservators must stay updated on best practices and new techniques.

Community engagement and involvement are also important. Local communities can provide valuable insights into the cultural significance and traditional care of artifacts.

By adopting these strategies, Nigeria can effectively preserve its rich cultural heritage for future generations, promoting understanding, appreciation, and pride in its history and traditions

Inspecting objects on arrival at the museum

Newly acquired objects must not be put together with the museum collection. Objects should be placed on quarantine. Among others, any object needing attention or found to be a source of risk to others should be fully treated of the condition.

However, objects in open air should be protected from the direct effect of elements of weather like sunlight, rain and dust. The objects in storage shall be kept unlit when access is not requested and proper ventilation of storage area must be ensured, using fan while the storage area should also be kept clean, tidy and uncluttered.

•Dele is the Assistant Director of Monuments, National Museum of  Unity, Ibadan.