Surrogacy law and development in Nigeria

SURROGACY has emerged as a significant reproductive option globally, yet it remains largely unregulated in Nigeria. This article examines the current legal framework surrounding surrogacy in Nigeria, contrasting it with other jurisdictions, and highlights the pressing need for a comprehensive legal structure to protect the rights of all parties involved.

Understanding surrogacy in Nigeria

Surrogacy is a complex issue that intersects family law, reproductive rights, and ethical considerations. In Nigeria, the lack of specific laws governing surrogacy creates a legal void, resulting in challenges for intended parents, surrogates, and medical practitioners. This article aims to shed light on the existing state of surrogacy law in Nigeria, identify its shortcomings, and propose recommendations for its development.

Current legal framework

1. Constitutional and statutory context: The Nigerian Constitution does not explicitly address surrogacy, leading to ambiguity in its legal recognition. The Nigerian Child Rights Act (2003) emphasizes children’s rights but lacks provisions for surrogacy arrangements. While some states have laws related to assisted reproductive technology (ART), no specific regulations for surrogacy practices exist. 2. Judicial precedents: There is a scarcity of case law regarding surrogacy in Nigeria. courts often rely on general family law principles, which can result in inconsistent rulings and uncertainty regarding legal parentage.

Comparative Analysis with Other Countries:

1. International perspectives: Countries like South Africa have established comprehensive legal frameworks governing surrogacy, providing clear guidelines and protections for all parties involved. South Africa’s Surrogacy Act (2002) allows both altruistic and commercial surrogacy under regulated conditions. In stark contrast, many African nations, including Nigeria, lack such comprehensive laws, raising concerns about potential exploitation and abuse in surrogacy arrangements. 2. Cultural and ethical considerations: In Nigeria, cultural and religious beliefs significantly influence perceptions of surrogacy. Many view it as morally questionable, complicating the legal discourse surrounding the practice.

Challenges in the current legal landscape

1. Lack of regulation: The absence of a clear legal framework creates uncertainty for intended parents and surrogates, leading to potential exploitation and abuse. 2. Ethical concerns: The exploitation of low-income women acting as surrogates is a significant issue. The lack of regulation raises ethical questions about consent and the commercialization of reproduction. 3. Legal parentage issues: Determining legal parentage in surrogacy arrangements can be complex, especially when the arrangement is not recognised by law.

Recent developments

1. Growing awareness: Public discourse around assisted reproductive technologies, including surrogacy, is increasing, particularly in urban areas of Nigeria. 2. Proposed legislative framework: Legal scholars and practitioners are advocating for comprehensive legislation to regulate surrogacy and protect the rights of all parties involved. This includes proposals for ethical guidelines and legal recognition of surrogacy agreements. 3. International Influence: The practices and laws of countries with established surrogacy frameworks may inspire Nigerian lawmakers to develop regulations in the future.

Conclusion

The legal landscape of surrogacy in Nigeria is characterised by a lack of clear regulations and significant cultural challenges. As awareness of reproductive rights grows, there is an urgent need for comprehensive legislation to safeguard the rights of intended parents, surrogates, and children born through surrogacy. Legal reforms should aim to create a balanced framework that addresses ethical concerns while facilitating access to surrogacy as a viable reproductive option.

Recommendations

Legislative action: The Nigerian government should prioritize the creation of a comprehensive legal framework for surrogacy that outlines the rights and responsibilities of all parties involved. Public awareness campaigns: Initiatives to educate the public about surrogacy and its legal implications can help reduce stigma and promote informed decision-making. Ethical Guidelines: Establishing ethical guidelines for surrogacy practices can protect vulnerable populations and ensure fair treatment of surrogates.

• Dr Ajulo, OON, SAN, is Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice, Ondo State.

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