We are living in an extremely grave time in the troubled history of Nigeria. From virtually all directions, the news, the manifestations, the indications, the prognostications, are such as we should all worry about. Nigeria’s decline has reached what appears to be its terminal maximum.
About this horrific decline of Nigeria, not much describing needs be done to anybody today. Various Nigerian agencies, as well as countless agencies of the international community, are constantly proclaiming the sad news that though Nigeria is one of the world’s most naturally endowed countries, and though Nigeria started off at independence in 1960 with the shining promise that it would lead Africa out of poverty and backwardness, yet Nigeria has fallen and declined at speeds without equal in the contemporary world. According to masses of statistics being released by Nigerian authorities and agencies, as well as by countless-international watch-dog bodies and agencies, the Nigerian economy is tottering fearfully, and confidence in the management of it has eroded to near zero. Only recently out of one recession, Nigeria is widely predicted to be about to plunge into yet another recession soon—all of which shows that the economy is operating at near recession. all the time. Unemployment is galloping, commodity prices are jumping, and the life of most Nigerians is becoming• more and more difficult, more and more filled with anxiety and pain. According to the Nigerian National Board of Statistics, more than 70% of Nigerians live in “absolute poverty” and more and more Nigerians are falling regularly into that level of poverty. Worldwide statistics show that Nigerians are among the poorest people in the world in terms of access to electricity, purified pipe-borne water, reliable health delivery services, good and safe transportation, dependable administrative and security services, and fair, sensitive and responsive governance. AU of Nigeria’s development indices are operating at the world’s lowest levels. Nigeria recently achieved the terrible status of the “extreme poverty capital of the world”.
Nigeria has suffered what can only be described as a “national moral collapse”. Both for lack of skills and for lack of morality and loyalty, Nigerians are widely regarded worldwide, and even by most Nigerians, as unemployable and as extremely risky business contacts and associates. For decades, Nigeria has been annually classified as one of the most viciously corrupt countries in the world. One international agency calculates that Nigerian rulers and leaders stole from the Nigerian coffers between 1960 and 2005 a staggering total of about 20 trillion US Dollars. Without doubt, another large part of Nigeria’s money has been stolen since 2006. Because Nigerian rulers, leaders and influential citizens are doing enormously well for themselves through corruption, and because they have generally used their stolen wealth to evolve a culture of conspicuous consumption and arrogant living, all classes of Nigerians have streamed into the corruption bandwagon, and corruption has become the universal enterprise of Nigerians. Even highly placed judges of the Nigerian judiciary have been found grovelling in the corruption gutters. And a president, President Buhari, who came to office convincingly promising a war against corruption, was soon found to be sheltering and protecting many beneficiaries of corruption, to be treating the legally established anti-corruption agency as a personal tool, to be using the anti-corruption tool mostly against his political opponents, and to be part of the employment of massive amounts of public money for buying political support. Indeed, President Buhari has proved fairly conclusively that no Nigerian president can be trusted to fight corruption with any integrity. Some international agencies are now warning Nigerians and the rest of the world that if Nigeria continues in its present mode and at its present pace, more than 50% of the world’s poorest persons by 2050 will be Nigerians.
Because of the devastating poverty, the all-pervading culture of corruption, and the insensitivity and abandonment by the rulers at all levels of government; Nigeria has become one of the “most violent, one of the most unsafe”, countries in the world, and one of the most battered by strange crimes – and by inexplicable and shocking suicides. Very many in the Nigerian population are beset by an inner emptiness, a nihilism, an anomy, and a wrenching hostility complex, and most of Nigeria has descended into a silent but brutal war of all against all. Weird and unnatural crimes are regularly being reported among members of families. Across most parts of Nigeria, cults of various descriptions make it their practice to engage in rituals that demand the spilling of human blood and the taking of human life. Regularly, Nigeria is shaken by reports of kidnappings, by reports of the discovery of establishments that produce counterfeit medications or that traffic in human body parts, and by reports of discovery of large quantities of illegally imported weapons. Nigeria’s Boko Haram and Nigeria’s Fulani herdsmen terrorists are rated among the most murderous terrorist gangs in the world. Various international agencies calculate that Boko Haram has killed over 32,500 Nigerians in the three states of the Nigerian Northeast (Bornu, Yobe and Adamawa) since 2009, and that, between 2014 and now, the Fulani herdsmen terrorists have killed over 20,000 in the Nigerian South and Middle Belt.
In terms of women having a chance to survive the hazards of pregnancy, Nigeria is one of the worst countries to belong to in the world. In terms of chances for little children to survive the sicknesses of childhood, Nigeria is, according to a well-known friend of Nigeria, “the worst place to be born in the world”. In terms of management of inter-ethnic relations in order to achieve harmonious co-existence, Nigeria is one of the most horribly managed countries in the world. On a more or less regular basis, according to a United Nations report, various ethnic nationalities of Nigeria have reason to groan that they are being “cheated, or marginalized, or short-changed, or even targeted for extermination” .
What is called democratic politics has taken a weird, chaotic and destructive shape in Nigeria, a monstrous concoction peculiar to Nigeria and largely unknown to most of the rest of the world. Politics has become the place to achieve easy financial success in Nigeria, to get the easiest chance to share bountifully from Nigeria’s culture of corruption. Consequently, it is difficult for the typical member of the Nigerian elite to stay away from politics. Consequently too, the number of political parties is exploding constantly – so that today, the number of registered political parties is over 90, and the number of groups seeking registration as political parties stands at over 100. The chance of becoming phenomenally rich from holding a position in government is so high that the typical aspirant for elective political office would throw enormous amounts of money (most often borrowed money) into the quest for election – and would, without hesitation, fight and kill to reach his electoral goal.
In this kind of setting, Nigeria’s electoral processes have become increasingly corrupted and violent since 1959, with the people in power throwing unrestrained amounts of public money into their re-elections, and using the powers of government and the security agencies to suppress their opponents. The security agencies and the official referees in the electoral process (including even court judges), seek their own shares from the money being thrown into the elections, commonly seek to be bought, and commonly do the bidding of those who buy them. For decades, therefore, Nigeria has been a country in which electoral candidates can win the votes at the polls and lose the election at the electoral official’s office – thanks to the official referees and the security agencies – and, of course, thanks to the persons holding governmental power. Most votes at the polls are bought, and Nigerian voters have become accustomed to selling their votes – even though, in the end, it is not so much their votes that count but the fraudulent manipulations by the referees, the government officials and the security agents. With all due respect, people of good will who urge Nigerians to wait for elections for some redress to their pains, or who urge Nigerian authorities to run free and fair elections, are saying things that have no meaning whatsoever in the realities of Nigeria’s political life. The coming of large numbers of international observers to observe Nigeria’s elections usually has no impact on the tone of Nigerian elections.
Nigeria’s politics is therefore degenerating into the realm of chaos and gang warfare. Members of political parties come to electoral candidate nominations today with violence in their hearts and with weapons, including guns, in their hands. Victory at elections and nominations is becoming the preserve of groups and persons commanding the most in raw power, the most in cash for buying officials and voters, and the most in criminal daring. Faith in the fairness of the referees, the authorities and the security apparatuses has vanished. Blood flows and people die frequently in Nigeria’s political process. With the corruption of Nigeria’s political and electoral processes standing at its absolute peak today, and with what we are seeing of the absolute and dare-devil resoluteness of key persons in the political leadership, it is impossible to imagine anything like free, fair and credible elections in 2019.
In the midst of all this degeneration and disintegration, the economy lacks competent attention and management. In the management of the economy, Nigerian rulers simply follow the line of least resistance, which is to merely collect the revenues from petroleum and share them. Most of the fledgling progress made in the years before and immediately after independence in industrial and infrastructural development, as well as in agricultural exports, have been lost or have perished. Meanwhile, the policies and behaviour of Nigerian governments and leaders seriously inhibit infrastructural, industrial and general business development.
As virtually all spokespersons of various interests in Nigeria are saying incessantly, the totality of Nigeria’s future looks bleak. A good quality of education for Nigeria’s children and youths might have held out some promise for the future; but the quality of Nigeria’s public education at all levels has been fast declining since the 1960s. For years now, what Nigeria offers to its children and youths is no more than token education that equips its products with no valuable skills – with not even the skill to read and write properly. The number of Nigerian children out of school has been rising steadily – it is estimated today at over 13 million – and that means that Nigeria’s literacy level is continuing to fall. Nigeria used to be first in economic growth rate in Africa; but she has fallen now to the 19th position, and she continues to fall.
Nigerians are fleeing in increasingly large numbers from the poverty and hopelessness of Nigeria. Annually, hundreds of thousands of Nigerians flee from Nigeria to seek life opportunities in other countries. Tens of thousands of youths, knowing that the education they are receiving in Nigeria is seriously sub-standard, find their way to other countries where they believe they can get better education – and once these go, they hardly ever return these days. Daily, countless thousands of Nigerians, mostly youths, line up in front of foreign embassies, seeking visas to get out of Nigeria. In one recent year, as many as 300,000 Nigerians applied for visas to the United States alone.
Thousands who cannot afford the expenses of visas, or who can no longer bear the strain of hopelessness, are choosing to try the option of fleeing across the arid Sahara Desert and by risky smugglers’ boats across the Mediterranean Sea to southern Europe. Very many of these are dying in droves in the Sahara Desert and in the Mediterranean Sea, and many have been sold as slaves in Libya. An official of the Nigerian immigration service recently issued a statement that 10,000 Nigerians died in the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea between January and May 2017. But such reports do not discourage others from following into this dangerous option. Even a group that was rescued in the desert or in Libya and brought home to Nigeria recently, later came together to issue a public statement that they would go back – because, according to their statement, even life in slavery in Libya is preferable to life in the hopelessness of Nigeria.
Nigeria’s image is perishing – at home in Nigeria, in the rest of Africa, and in the wide world. Most African countries have ceased to look up to Nigeria for anything, and many now detest and despise Nigeria and Nigerians. Much of the world has given up on Nigeria. Much of the world fears to do business with Nigeria or Nigerians.
Upon this whole scene of wrack and ruin has descended, in the past four years, the Fulani nomadic herdsmen terrorists and their well-armed militias from the Nigerian Northwest and from other countries of the West African Sudan and Sahel. In response to the tension being generated all over Yoruba land by these herdsmen’s activities, the leadership of Afenifere commissioned a committee in late 2017 to do a study of the situation. According to the report of the study, Fulani cow herders are arriving in considerable numbers, leading their cows to destroy farms of arable crops, burning or otherwise destroying farms of tree crops (palm trees, rubber trees, fruit trees), killing farmers and destroying some villages, raping and killing women on farms and on isolated paths to farms, planting crude and hostile settlements, kidnapping countless men, women and children and extorting large amounts of money as ransom, and forcing countless people to abandon farming altogether. The report found that about 189 Fulani settlements exist in the Yoruba Southwest and the Yoruba areas of Kwara and Kogi, and that roughly half of these are recent rural settlements that have arisen suddenly. It is not known whether studies similar to the Afenifere study have been done in other Regions of the South; but it is known that various numbers of Fulani, herdsmen and others, are spreading out in the rural areas of all southern states. It hardly needs to be said that these herdsmen’s rampages are multiplying the pace and severity of poverty and hopelessness in the South, including Yorubaland.
It is also known that in the cities of most southern states, large numbers of Fulani and Hausa men have been arriving and living as runners of Okada bikes. Most Southerners believe that these Okada runners are part of a planned and systematic Fulani infiltration into the states of Southern Nigeria.
Meanwhile, in the states of the Middle Belt, the herdsmen are continuing to kill and destroy on a horrendous scale. Almost daily, in one state or other, people are being killed and villages are being destroyed. Countless thousands are being displaced from their homes and are accumulating in Internally Displaced Persons Camps. State Governments are under- enormous pressure.
Concerning these herdsmen’s rampages, federal authorities are not helping as they should. In fact, significant officials of the Federal Government tend to make excuses for the terrorists and, strangely, sometimes even blame the -people who are being killed. For a very long time, President Buhari chose to keep silent about these killings. But, as the outcry in Nigeria and from all over the world finally made it impossible for him to continue to remain silent, his public statements have generally seemed eager to protect the terrorist killers. In various statements, he has claimed that the killers are mostly non-Nigerians; that they are Libyan militiamen from President Ghaddafi’s disbanded militias; that it is climate change and the loss of some grasslands in the Northwest that are forcing the herdsmen to turn southwards; that the farmers are the ones causing the trouble by farming on paths on which the herdsmen have traditionally reared cattle, etc. He has never plainly condemned the killings or taken any firm and convincing steps to stop the killings and destructions, and to penalise the killers. He was quick to proscribe an Igbo youth movement that was agitating for Biafran secession, even though the group was not killing anybody or destroying any settlements, but he has doggedly refused the massive public demand to proscribe the herdsmen killers or the bodies through which they have been making inflammatory threats against all the non-Fulani peoples of Nigeria.
A retired Nigerian General and former Nigerian Minister of Defence, General T.Y. Danjuma, a citizen of a Middle Belt State, recently made a statement accusing Nigerian authorities of not defending the victims ofFulani herdsmen’s terror, and even accusing the Nigerian military of colluding with the killers. He was speaking from what he was seeing from his home in the Middle Belt.
From all the information now available bout the Fulani herdsmen’s rampages, it is obvious that these are not merely the actions of herdsmen forced southwards by droughts, but actions with serious political ramifications. One prominent Nigerian politician, Alhaji Balarabe Musa, former Governor of Kaduna State, was one of the first persons to raise alarms, mostly in early 2014, that this whole trouble, which Balarabe Musa called an “insurgency”, was coming, and that it was being planned by some prominent Nigerians to achieve some political objectives. The Fulani herdsmen’s rampages began soon after that. And from the way it has developed, the following facts are reasonably conclusive: First, persistent droughts forced many herdsmen southwards in the general West African Sudan and Sahel, which includes North-Western Nigeria. Those herdsmen who lost all their cows turned to cattle rustling, violence developed, and guns showed up in considerable quantities because some cow herders were supplied with guns by the rich people who owned the cows. Second, some prominent citizens decided to take advantage of this situation – according to Balarabe Musa and other concerned observers, for political objectives.
Further evidence about the political objectives of this whole Fulani herdsmen’s terror is found copiously in statements made by many members of the Fulani elite. In 2014, a statement or article by one Aliyu Gwarzo was widely published in the social media, and then quoted in parts in some Nigerian media. It is a very pugnacious statement loaded with insults for most Nigerian peoples. However, its assertions of Fulani intentions are the most relevant here. It stated as follows: “Allah, through the British, gave us (Fulani) Nigeria to rule and to do with as we please. Since 1960 we have been doing that and we intend to continue. In 1966 the Igbo tried to stop us and they paid a terrible price, and now they are broken”. (If any others try to resist our control) “We shall kill, maim and destroy and turn this country into Africa’s largest war zone and refugee camp. The Mujaheedin are more than ready, and by Allah we shall win”.
In January 2018, a large association of Fulani herdsmen wrote a letter of threat to Governor Sam Ortom of Benue State. This letter was received by Governor Ortom while he and the people of his state were mourning and conducting mass burials for the more than 70 Benue citizens who had been killed, with their villages destroyed, on January 01, 2018. The letter started by threatening that, for Benue people, the on-going mourning and mass burials were only the beginning, and that bigger killings and destructions were coming. It added that the problem was that Benue State people regarded the land of their state as theirs. The land of Benue State, and indeed all of Nigeria, belongs “to us Fulani”, the letter asserted. The Fulani had arisen to take back all their land; they had accumulated large amounts of money and weapons for the purpose; they were prepared for long years of war; and even the Nigerian Federal Government did not have the power to stop them. There have been other such letters or statements threatening that peoples who would not submit to the Fulani would be wiped out or “banished” from Nigeria.
We cannot, in this brief speech, engage in a full description and analysis of the political background of the Fulani herdsmen’s killings and destructions. But we must not neglect to comment on the public statements of some prominent citizens who have been claiming that the Fulani herdsmen’s rampages are entirely a consequence of droughts, and that all that is needed to restore peace is to give the herdsmen land for cattle colonies and cattle paths. Persons saying such things either do not know the true facts, or are, for their political purposes, deliberately trying to deceive the world.
We Yoruba nation find ourselves enmeshed and entangled in all of the debilitating ailments of Nigeria. What Nigeria has become today is not the Yoruba kind of life and society, but we find ourselves sharing seriously in it all, and we are experiencing all its devastating symptoms. Our public officials are giving us insensitive and corrupt governance. We are living in massive poverty and hopelessness, in violence and chaos including inter-ethnic violence, in staggering criminalities, in massive unemployment, intensifying restlessness among our youths, and we are helplessly lamenting the destruction of the standards of our education, the almost total destruction of our societal and cultural norms, and the almost total loss of our unique leadership qualities. These conditions have now reached heights that are totally intolerable and unacceptable to most Y oruba people.
Concerning only the Fulani herdsmen’s contributions to the disintegration of Nigeria, the Afenifere study which I have mentioned includes the following paragraph in its conclusion: “Our carefully considered assessment of the predominant feeling and attitude among Yoruba people today, and the widespread feeling among most other peoples and citizens of Nigeria, can be summed up as follows. ‘In orderly and constructive circumstances, Nigeria can indeed be the ultimate peaceful and happy home for most of the Fulani people of West Africa. Nigeria is a large country blessed with resources. The Fulani of all of West Africa are only 23 million, and of these, 6 to 7 million are already citizens of Nigeria. The influx of another 15 million can pose no noticeable problem, as long as they come in an orderly and peaceful manner, and as long as they are respectful of the fact that they properly belong to the Hausa-Fulani Region in Northwestern Nigeria. However, unfortunately, the on-going Fulani herdsmen’s acts of massacre and destruction, frequent and loud Fulani threats of long-term violence on all non-Fulani peoples of Nigeria, and their strange territorial claims based on strange distortions of known history―are poisoning Nigeria’s life-stream beyond the possibility of healing. We Yoruba people and most other Nigerian peoples and citizens strongly feel that if this crisis be not now quickly brought to an end, and if the specter of perpetual violence and instability should continue to hang over Nigeria, Nigeria could soon rip apart – and most probably rip apart in ways that would shed rivers of blood all over Nigeria and spread massive disruptions and human suffering into most parts of West Africa. These human disasters must be prevented at all costs. We Yoruba people want our leaders to see to it that all leaders and governments of Nigeria, with the assistance of the international community, should, through negotiations, seize upon this crisis to put lasting peace at the reach of all Nigerian peoples’
Unfortunately, unhappily, as Yoruba people reel painfully in this Nigerian whirlwind of degeneration, violence and decline, the Yoruba nation does not have active political leaders with the innate Yoruba level of statesmanship, the proper kind of orientation, and the sufficient intellectual and spiritual perception, to help the Yoruba nation to navigate through the storm to survival, to recovery, to self-determination, and ultimately to prosperity. Traditional Yoruba progressivism remains strong among the masses of Yoruba people, but most members of the current generation of Yoruba politicians choose to belong to Nigeria’s low and corrupt standards of leadership and governance.
Increasingly, therefore, the struggle of the Yoruba nation in Nigeria has been left significantly to Yoruba civic organizations. The workshop being hosted by the Yoruba Unity Forum here today, as we are entering into the 2019 Nigerian election cycle, is a very important contribution. It is giving us an opportunity to look closely into crucially important matters. Given Nigeria’s condition of near disintegration, and given the very obvious threats to the security of Yoruba land, the Yoruba people need to approach 2019 with caution and with deliberate choices of direction. In particular, from the look of the whole Nigerian situation, many people are saying that the 2019 federal election seems likely to be decisive concerning Nigeria’s destiny, and concerning the destiny of the Yoruba nation and of most other Nigerian nationalities. We Yoruba need to be very watchful and vigilant about all these in the months ahead. What is approaching is not politics as usual; and we must not let any clever politician or any propaganda machinery trick us into believing that it is politics as usual.
Afenifere is striving valiantly too in various directions. Apart from its activities in the home base, it has contributed significantly to the founding of a Southern and Middle Belt Leaders Forum, which is championing new levels of demand for the restructuring of the Nigerian federation. The Southern and Middle Belt Leaders Forum has attracted much attention and acquired much gravity as the collective voice of the elder statesmen of the Southwest, Southeast, South-south and Middle Belt, four of Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones.
In late 2017, most Yoruba civic organizations joined hands together and organized the Yoruba Summit. In a conference attended by over 6000 Yoruba people and by fraternal guests from the Southeast and South-south, the Yoruba Summit issued the Ibadan Declaration – the definitive statement of Yoruba demands for the restructuring of the Nigerian federation.
Some months ago, some Yoruba youths of Kogi State began to plant large wooden boards along roads and highways in their state and then extended the practice beyond their state to other parts of Yorubaland. The boards carried simple messages such as THIS IS YORUBALAND or WELCOME TO YORUBALAND. They were meant to warn Fulani herdsmen marauders and others that Yoruba territory is not available for anybody to grab, and that Yoruba people demand respect for their territory. Some other youths then formed an organization named ‘Yoruba Koya’, and started seriously to plant large boards along highways all over Yorubaland and to mobilize Yoruba youths to learn rudiments of community defence preparedness. And then, an organization of professionals named ‘Voice of Reason’ did the huge job of writing a model constitution for the restructured Nigerian Federation – the kind of constitution that Yoruba people demand for their nation’s continued membership of Nigeria.
A recently formed organization named ‘Omoluabi’ is engaged in the task of urging Yoruba people to return to Yoruba Omoluabi principles – so that Yoruba people may consciously move away from Nigeria’s moral degeneration. Another youth organization, Yoruba Liberation Command (YOLICOM), has bravely announced that its objective is a separate and sovereign Oodua nation-state.
The old and revered organization, Agbe Koya, now led by a brave 109-year old veteran, is being heard and seen increasingly in action. Odua Peoples Congress (OPC) has stirred itself and has issued warnings that though Yoruba people usually do not want to use violence, they would use violence fiercely now to defend Yorubaland if terrorist attacks on Yorubaland continue. Afenifere Renewal Group, the proud authors of the DAWN DOCUMENT, is observed upgrading. From the Yoruba Diaspora, various groups are bracing up too for the Yoruba nation’s struggle of today. All of these contributions and more by Yoruba civic organizations deserve profound and perpetual gratitude from the Yoruba nation.
However, one crucial step needs to be taken today – and taken by a collaboration of all Yoruba civic organizations. In terms of political consciousness, the role models for most of the impressionable Yoruba youths of today are today’s Yoruba and Nigerian politicians who are living “bigger-than-life” existences from the Nigerian culture of irresponsibility and corruption, and who tend mostly to ignore the interests of their Yoruba people. Yoruba youths need to be given different guidelines based on immortal Yoruba values, guidelines that will elevate the moral quality of their lives and that will make them the kind of leaders that the Yoruba people can recognize, leaders that the Yoruba people will happily accept, and leaderships that will seriously benefit the Yoruba nation today and tomorrow. Thoughtful Yoruba folks are suggesting this everywhere.
Thinking of this has led me to something that Egbe Omo Oduduwa did during its most successful years. The Egbe was putting together, from indigenous Yoruba philosophy and ideals, a body of ideas for the development of the modern Yoruba society. On further consideration, the Egbe decided that putting the ideas together was not enough, but that there was need to create the generation of people who would possess the ideas and use the ideas for the development, progress and prosperity of the Yoruba nation. The Egbe then established what became known as the “Saturday School” in which men and
women were given a general knowledge of Yoruba history and culture, with particular emphasis on Yoruba ideas and ethics of society, citizenship, leadership, and governance, and the factors responsible for the Yoruba nation’s outstanding success in civilization building in history.
The Egbe took the Saturday School very seriously. It had branches in many Yoruba towns and cities. Chief Awolowo was the Secretary-general of Egbe Omo Oduduwa until he became the leader of the Action Group and premier of the Western Region. The quality and achievements of the government of the Western Region under his leadership owed something to the kind of spirit that was generated through the Saturday Schools.
I humbly propose that we should establish something like this Saturday School system.
Our objective should be to generate a new Yoruba elite that will respect and value the Yoruba nation’s tradition of leadership – and to promote a Yoruba leadership that is proudly enterprising, that is sensitive to the needs and expectations of Yoruba people, that is respectful of the Yoruba people, that is spiteful of corrupt and immoral conduct in business, employment, politics and governance, that strongly stands in defence and promotion of Yoruba interests, and that dutifully promotes a sense of national unity and pride among us Yoruba.
Of course, we can do this very easily and competently if we decide to do it. I urge all my people, let us do it.
I thank you all.
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