How intentional aquifer recharge, storage can prevent water shortage in Nigeria — Adele-Bolaji, environmental expert

Bolatito Adele-Bolaji, with a first degree in Industrial Chemistry from Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, and a master’s degree in Petroleum Geoscience from the University of Ghana, in 2021, moved to the United States for a PhD in Geological Engineering, specializing in Hydrology and Computational Hydroscience, during which she completed another master’s degree in the field. Her current research focuses on how flooding can be a potential source for aquifer recharge, and other water-saving practices that promote responsible water management. She told PAUL OMOROGBE how her research, among other benefits, is useful for overcoming water shortage in various parts of Nigeria. Excerpts:

What is the biggest challenge government agencies focusing on the environment face?

Government agencies dedicated to environmental protection are currently confronting significant challenges, primarily attributable to climate change. The increasing frequency and intensity of weather events, such as flooding, are complicating environmental management efforts substantially. A crucial aspect of this crisis is the inadequate enforcement of environmental laws, which has led to the persistent degradation of ecosystems. Detrimental practices such as insufficient waste disposal systems, rampant illegal dumping, indiscriminate waste disposal in drainage systems, and the burning of waste, further exacerbate the situation. These activities contribute to a heightened carbon footprint, which directly impacts climate change and poses severe threats to public health, socio-economic and environmental integrity.

 

What’s your assessment of the current state of the Nigerian public awareness on environmental issues?

The current state of public awareness regarding environmental issues in Nigeria is experiencing gradual improvement; however, substantial disparities persist between rural and urban areas. In rural regions, awareness levels remain relatively low, primarily due to limited access to information and educational resources. This deficiency in awareness hampers the ability of communities to comprehend the impact of their activities on the environment, particularly considering cultural practices and economic constraints that often impede the adoption of environmentally sustainable practices. Urban sprawl introduces its own set of advantages and disadvantages, characterized by increased surface runoff and flooding resulting from impervious surfaces and urbanization. To effectively address these environmental challenges, it is essential to implement enhanced sensitization programs aimed at educating the public about the significance of sustainable practices and the repercussions of environmental degradation.

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How relevant is your research to contemporary issues in Nigeria’s environmental space?

Water is a finite resource, with only approximately 2.5 per cent of the Earth’s total water supply classified as freshwater. The remaining 97.5 per cent consists of saltwater, which is unsuitable for human consumption. The increasing demand for potable water, driven by population growth, has resulted in the overexploitation of groundwater resources, leading to issues such as contamination and saltwater intrusion.

My dissertation is titled “Heterogeneous Soil-Redox Response to Precipitation, Inundation, and Water Depth in an Oxbow Lake Wetland.” My present engagement as an environmental engineer involves groundwater monitoring, transmissivity, soil, water, air sampling, remediation and waste characterisation.

My research is centered on the long-term sustainability of groundwater resources, emphasizing the exploration of water-saving practices and responsible water management techniques, particularly Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR). MAR involves the intentional recharging of aquifers with surface water or reclaimed water to enhance groundwater supplies. This method serves as a mitigation strategy against the overexploitation of groundwater by replenishing aquifers during periods of surplus water availability. ASR parallels this technique by storing water in aquifers during times of excess and retrieving it during periods of drought.

In Nigeria, where flooding presents considerable challenges, it is imperative to implement rain gardens and permeable surfaces as effective strategies for Managed Aquifer Recharge. Rain gardens are specifically designed to capture and filter stormwater, thereby facilitating aquifer recharge. Similarly, permeable pavements allow water to infiltrate, which reduces surface runoff and enhances groundwater replenishment. These actions are not merely advantageous; they are essential for achieving sustainable water management.

 

How can your research findings be applied to solve the issues?

My research findings aim to address some of the most pressing water management challenges facing Nigeria, particularly the recurrent flooding issues, thereby safeguarding lives and property. Additionally, this research will contribute to a more sustainable and resilient future by enhancing water supply resilience. Specifically, it will assist in mitigating the over-exploitation of groundwater by replenishing aquifers during periods of surplus water availability. Furthermore, this initiative will promote awareness and encourage the adoption of water-conservation practices.

 

Does Nigeria have enough environmental experts?

Nigeria is currently confronted with a significant challenge regarding the availability of environmental experts. A considerable number of qualified professionals pursue opportunities abroad, attracted by improved working conditions, higher remuneration, and more advanced research facilities. This phenomenon, often referred to as brain drain, further diminishes the pool of available experts within the country. Although there are committed professionals and academics actively engaged in the environmental sector, the overall number of qualified environmental experts is generally regarded as inadequate to address the escalating environmental challenges faced by the nation.

 

What do you think about the exodus of experts and how will it affect the state of the environment in Nigeria?

The departure of skilled professionals leads to a decreased pool of knowledgeable individuals capable of addressing complex environmental issues. This loss hinders the development and implementation of effective environmental policies and solutions, resulting in weakened institutions. Additionally, the absence of experts slows down the progress of environmental projects and initiatives, which can prolong environmental degradation and delay responses to emerging threats.

 

Can you proffer solutions to the above challenge?

To effectively address this issue, a comprehensive approach is required. This includes improving working conditions, investing in education and training programs for environmental professionals, and strengthening policy and institutional support for environmental initiatives. It is essential to offer competitive salaries and create opportunities for career advancement within Nigeria. Additionally, fostering a supportive policy environment and investing in local capacity-building initiatives are key factors in attracting and retaining environmental experts.

 

Do you think our leaders are well advised on environmental issues?

Nigerian leaders are becoming increasingly aware of the global issues related to environmental challenges, such as climate change and pollution. However, the process of adapting global solutions to suit local contexts and ensuring their practicality and effectiveness in Nigeria remains a significant challenge. The country has various advisory bodies and environmental experts who provide guidance on environmental policies. Conferences and forums, such as those organized by the Nigerian Environmental Society, gather experts, policymakers, and industry leaders to discuss sustainable development and environmental challenges. Despite the availability of expert advice, the implementation of environmental policies often falls short due to weak enforcement mechanisms, limited resources, and insufficient political will. This disconnect between policy advice and action can impede effective environmental management.

 

What is your take on water privatisation?

Water privatization is a controversial issue with both potential benefits and significant drawbacks. On one hand, privatization could introduce much-needed efficiency to the water sector. However, it raises important concerns about affordability and equitable access, particularly for rural and low-income communities. To address these concerns, it is crucial that any privatization efforts include strong regulatory frameworks and protections for vulnerable populations. Private companies often have a profit incentive to operate more efficiently, which can lead to reduced waste and improved service delivery. On the downside, privatization can result in higher water bills as companies try to maximize profits. This situation can be especially challenging for low-income households, leaving marginalized communities without access to affordable water.